Terrorism Is A Growing Real World Situation - 2080 Words

Terrorism is a growing real world situation which is having a deepening impact on many facets of international business. A Gallup Survey of December 2015, that followed the terrorist attacks in Paris and San Bernardino, California, named terrorism as the top problem confronting Americans (Gallup.com, 2015). Annual terrorism statistics from United States (US) Department of State (state.gov, 2015), which are required by law, show businesses were targeted 1127 times in the year 2014, the 4th highest type of target, as depicted in Table 1. Globalization of business across national boundaries in the world economy is a reality (Hill, 2000) and the intensifying threat of terrorism on international business is an undeveloped research area worthy of additional study with heightening practical and academic implications. Research Motivation Academic and personal motivation Terrorism Overview - Unfortunately terrorism has a long evolving history dating back to piracy on the high seas. Terrorism in the modern era (Czinkota, Knight, Liesch Steen, 2010) has tragically escalated due to the resurgence of Islamic Fundamentalism over the last three decades (Hill, 2000) and the appalling attacks on September 11, 2001. The 2014 version of the Department of State’s annual report, titled Country Reports on Terrorism provides some alarming statistics for international business: †¢ Terrorist attacks in 2014 increased 35% and fatalities increased 81% compared to 2013; †¢ More than 9,400 people wereShow MoreRelated Movie Review: Mission Impossible II Essay1667 Words   |  7 PagesTerrorism was not a highly published problem within the United States. Media did not cover this topic and domestic terrorism situations were almost unheard. This changed on September 11, 2001. The 9/11 terrorist attack against the World Trade Center twin towers made Americans aware of how vulnerable was the United States. 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The Effects Of Child Abuse On Children - 1951 Words

Child Abuse is a huge social problem that affects children from all walks of life. It can have detrimental long-term negative consequences that forever change the lives of millions of people. It’s extremely important to understand the impact it has on the mental and social well-being of young adults and try to prevent the ongoing cycle of violence. As a society, we need to become more aware of how serious this problem is and try to intervene before the consequences affect future generations. Theories have been proposed to try and explain these different effects and how it contributes to negative behaviors throughout their development and many of these theories have provided valuable information to help answer some of these research†¦show more content†¦The study hypothesized that physical abuse would relate to violent delinquency, more so than the effects of other risk factors. In the first study (Lansford et.al, 2007) a community sample of 574 African American and Caucasian children were followed from the age of 5 the age of 21. Children were recruited from random from 3 different school districts in Tennessee and one in Indiana. Abuse was measured through extensive interviews with participants through the age of 21 and follow-up assessments were conducted annually. Violent delinquency was measured using self-report and also through official court records of their violent offenses. Nonviolent delinquency and aggression were measured by examining official court records, self-reported arrests, self-reported externalizing problems, and romantic relationship violence. After examining this data, an investigation of the information showed that adults who had been physically abused in the first 5 years of life had a higher risk of being arrested as juveniles for violent, nonviolent and status offenses (Lansford et.al, 2007). This data was measured using analyses of covariance and adjusted means. Lansford (2007) shows that physically abused youth were also less likely to have finished high school, more likely to have been fired from their job in the past year, and impregnate or be impregnated as a teen by someone they were not married to. Lansford (2007) also suggests that they were

Paraphrasing Apple and Nokia

Question: Write about theParaphrasingfor Apple and Nokia. Answer: Introduction The key objectives of the projected study will aim to carry out detailed analysis and discussions pertinent to several strategies and relevant policies through comparison of the situation specific to companies like Apple and Nokia to sustain their existence and pursue their dominance over the market. in this regard, Apple is considered as a reputed company that is rapidly expanding its business. Contrarily, Nokia may be recognized as a leading organization from the past decade around the year 2007 that has gradually lost its prominence owing to the entry of novel brands and organization in the cellular phone industry (Parasuraman, and Zinkhan, 2002). In order to regain its lost glory and fame in the gadget related technological industry for Nokia, numerous ways have been improvised and dealt with throughout the entire length of the study discussions. In this respect, the contributions of the strategies and policies are noteworthy to add to the value of the organization and its repute . Analysis and Discussions Regarding Strategies Followed by Apple For the sake of survival and penetration in the highly competitive market associated to consumer electronics, Apple has resorted to adopting several diverse and unique strategies. Of the strategies and policies followed by the company to be among the top names in the mobile phone and computer industry, the ones that are associated to these two industries are of particular significance. Primary emphasis is laid on the customer satisfaction through promulgation of appropriate marketing strategies, designing of the products, differentiation of products and setting of design standards. All these initiatives on the companys part pave the way for emerging as the best manufacturer of phones and personal computers (Wilkie, and Moore, 2003). Possession of a plethora of vital elements by Apple adds to the advantage for the company. The elements include a designing firm, a publishing company, a media platform, a powerhouse of software, computer manufacturer and others. Specific Strategies Followed by Apple Include: Ignorance of the Criticisms The marketing strategies as laid down by Apple refers to turning deaf ears and ignoring the criticisms that are rampant in the marketing industry, instead suggestions have been made to focus on the performance and doing the job appropriately (Leonidou, Katsikeas, and Samiee, 2002). The company has driven its agenda on accomplishing their goals of manufacturing their products as per their conception. The pivotal focus rests on the cost of production because as per the opinion of the company, the consumers are ready to pay as long as they are getting something at fulfill their purposes and demands. Thus innovation is the key to their success ad brand promotion that are carried out prior to every product launch. Designs more than Just Ordinary Attention is paid in designing the products and making them more appealing and beautiful to the customers rather than making them just ordinary. All the software components and design features attributed to the phones, personal, computers, iPads and laptops are so unique and attractive that instantly grabs the fancy of the customers and prompts them to purchase and use them across their lifestyle. A kind of pleasure is derived from buying and utilizing such products having beautiful designs (Aladwani, 2001). Undertaking measures and implementing designs that are out of the box are a constant endeavor of the company and in order to accomplish such tasks the UVP or unique value proposition method that aids in manufacturing of both unique as well as beautiful designs are put forward by the company. Consideration of the product in its entirety instead of a sole feature of the product is highlighted by the company to capture the attention of the consumers (Cova and Pace, 2006). Less Investment in Advertisement As far as the philosophy of the company is concerned, they believe that good products do not require branding, promotion or endorsements to increase their salability. Quality is the determining factor for their purchase and marketing of the goods. Rather than focusing on branding, placement of the products are given more importance in the company. Real ad economical brandings are fostered from the feedbacks by the social media content and customers. Apple chief target is to reach out to its potential audience through a natural and non-manipulated mechanism (Gummesson, 2005). The procedure to achieve this objective observes the actions from the insiders and influencers who are capable of taking the company to the target audience. Further promotion of products is carried out through utilization of free trail programs and testimonials. Simple Marketing and Simple Product As the common notion goes the more, the merrier, however this idea does not always holds true. Simplified design and limitations in turn might account for harboring the projected benefits out of a product. Rejection by the users following over burdening with technologies in a particular product often occurs because of lack of knowledge for application and increased amount of confusion due to hefty technicalities. However, Apple does not follow this trend blindly and instead make effort to allay the apprehension o the users through mitigating the hi-tech allocations and software. Simplification is also achieved through diminishing the marketing of the products. Therefore it is perceived that effective marketing is not the sole resolution for attracting the potential customers and the massage is clearly conveyed to other companies competing in similar industries (Varadarajan, 2010). Data and information provided in abundance and more than what is required may bewilder the customers and direct them in wrong ways. Customers enjoy the benefits procured from simplification measures that are adopted in course of the marketing strategy process. In keeping with this legacy, the websites for Apple are also very less captivating with limited access to information turning them simpler. Knowledge and Interaction with the Customer The stores of Apples are also simple in terms of their designs and illustrate the images of their coveted products carrying adequate information related to the product specifications and other technical details. Apple is considered as a name to reckon who value their customers and leave no stones unturned to cater to the satisfaction of their users (Binsardi, and Ekwulugo, 2003). The professionals attached to Apple are competent enough to make interaction and engage in fruitful professional communication with the potent users in a comfortable and compelling manner devoid of any confusion. The prudent and pragmatic approaches followed by the Apple staff in making the customers understand their products are don in a subtle and insightful way. They resort to explaining things like The iPods are capable of performing dual activities, one serving the basic function as a music player and the other as a storage device. The iMac meets up to the expectations pertaining to the pleasure and excitement of the customers apart from serving the purposes of a normal computer. The latest technology of iPhone launched by Apple is a seamless amalgamation of technologies to provide dual advantages specific to smart phones and Apple computers. The websites serve as a useful resource of providing synopsis and succinct information about the company and their associated products (Luo, and Bhattacharya, 2009). Endeavors for Providing Improved Services to Customers Unlike any other brand, the product version as offered by Apple is unique and distinct in its presentation. Extensive research and deeper analysis have gone onto crafting and creating these products in a manner to appeal the customers. Innovation is another pillar in their brand name where refined and updated version of the elements of the designs is utilized to prepare the devices. The company strives relentlessly to deliver optimal service for its valued customers without failing their expectations and cater to the value for money philosophy as the customers are investing their money to buy the products (Madhavaram, and Hunt, 2008). The services that are provided through the Apple stores follow a decent and humble discourse. Moreover the stores are designed in a fashion to inspire the purchase and attract the customers. Warm lights, monochromatic color schemes coupled with large windows provides enough space and aesthetics thereby enhancing the visibility of the Apple products that are kept in display in the store. Thus the company tries to provide a unique and distinctive experience to its buyers (Bloch, 2011). Building of a Community of Users and Consumers The fan followers of Apple have accentuated over the years and some of the fans are even the permanent and loyal users of this brand. The fan base is not limited to a particular place and encompasses customers spread globally. The enthusiasm and fanaticism of these customers account for novel impetus for the company (Parasuraman, and Grewal, 2000). Development of a brand personality and a respectable name falls under the aims of the company. Critical Discussions on the moves that could have been taken by Nokia to sustain their dominance in the technological industry Nokia was a prominent name in the technological industry dating back to the year 2007 accounting for about 350 million handsets. Back then, Nokia also introduced a service o music system that had the provision of downloading any sort of music. Initially Nokia tried to expand its business being an internet company, but later on shifted to being a leading mobile phone brand and since then is continuously making progress to attain its projected goal of standing as an internet company as well. As per the opinion of the Nokia owners, the only other brand that is capable of providing tough competition to the handsets brought to the market by Nokia is Apple (Verhoef et al. 2009). Other developing companies that are in competition with Apple bears the brand names of Motorola, Nokia, Sony, Samsung, Panasonic, Philips and others. Adoption of simple strategies together with the flexibility in the individual brands is the forte of Nokia. Therefore in order to continue with this sustained performance and dominance in the industry, this strategy might be helpful. However the introduction of newer brand and organizations in the market has culminated in the shrinkage and narrowing of scopes for the products. In this context, innovations and following of effective marketing strategies is considered crucial to reach to the desired level of professional excellence and satisfy the demands of the target audience. The lost glory may also thus be regained by the Nokia Company, in this manner (Hitt, Ireland, and Hoskisson, 2012). Positioning of the company is important to encounter challenges and develop effective strategies. Implementation and framing of the policies must resort to analyzing the opportunities and threats relevant to the company. For sustenance in the markets, the company might undertake mergers and acquisition. Development and manufacturing of products and services must be done in accordance with the proper grasping of innovative ad market tested ideas from the leading organizations. For future procurement of profits and revenues, the company must analyze and explore all the possible market opportunities. Company may divert their targets towards the emerging markets for phones and other gadgets. For the initial boosting of the company revenues and profits, development of software and applications may be chosen as a viable option. Cross selling of the phones manufacture by Nokia to the enterprises, business organizations and other clients may also be considered. Conclusion Post completion of the present study it may be stated that marketing strategy is the vital step that facilitates the brands to etch their names in the good book of the customers in addition to simultaneous maintenance of market name and reputation. For the sake of survival in the competition, brands like Nokia or Apple must frame effective marketing policies. Consideration of the brand image must also be made to account for providing customer satisfaction and sustaining the goodwill of the company to remain ahead of others in the competition relevant to the technology market.

Professional Learning and Development Program

Question: Discuss about theProfessional Learning and Development Program. Answer: Introduction There are numerous factors that influence an organizations performance. One of these factors is employees. For any organization to performance efficiently and competitively, it must have well qualified, experienced, motivated and consistent employees. It is quite challenging for an organization to get employees with all these characteristics unless it develops internal strategies for realizing them. One of the strategies that many organizations use to increase their employees competence and effectiveness is having professional development programs (Looper, 2016). These programs enable organizations to equip their employees with the latest knowledge and right set of skills thus making them more competitive and successful in the industry they are operating. It is also important for employees to remain competitive because the professional landscape is ever changing. For instance, the use of technology has become very crucial in all professions especially engineering. There are new technological tools being developed and launched almost every other day. Most of these tools can help organizations to increase their performance and competitiveness. So the best strategy that organizations can use to keep their employees updated with such technological developments and capitalize on their benefits is by having a professional learning and development program (Wilcox, 2005). These programs also help employees to understand current and projected trends and changes in the market so that they can help their employers respond to these fluctuating market conditions accordingly. Previously, professional learning and development was largely emphasized in schools. It means that those in teaching profession were the ones who usually enrolled for, developed or implemented professional learning and development programs. This is what led to the famous professional learning communities (Provini, 2012). These communities were aimed at improving the performance of students and schools in general by training teachers on how to improve their teaching knowledge and skills. However, this has changed over the years and now professional learning programs have become a necessity for many organizations. In fact, in some places it is mandatory for certain professionals to have a professional learning plan (Utah State Board of Education, 2016). These programs are being used to nurture employees skills, motivate and retain staff and improve overall productivity at workplaces (Sarita, 2016). Therefore the beneficiaries of these programs are both the employees and the organizatio ns involved, as discussed by The Peak Performance Center (2016). All professions and professionals have something to benefit from professional learning and development programs. This makes the programs useful in all workplaces. For instance, teachers who enroll for professional learning and development programs have significantly impacted their students learning (Timperley et al., 2007). The task here is to develop a professional learning program for my previous workplace. This company has a proven track record of success in engineering industry in Australia. Being part of their project team in engineering department for three and a half years, I learnt a lot regarding creating opportunities for employees to learn and develop their professions while working. It is for this reason that I because interested in professional learning and development programs. As an engineering educator, I have vast knowledge and experience in regards to professional learning and development programs. Therefore the program developed here is from my personal experience at my previous workplace. From my experience, it is very important to ensure that the professional learning program developed is effective and produces positive results to the organization. To achieve this, it requires proper planning and involvement of all relevant stakeholders. Therefore it must start by understanding the procedures of planning, developing and implementing a professional learning program. The first step that the company should do is to analyze the importance, applicability or relevance of the program to the company. Developing and implementing this program should be seen as an investment for the company. Since the program aims at expanding the knowledge and skills of employees, developing a program that will achieve these objectives has to start with identifying its potential benefits. Some of the expected benefits of the program include: addressing employees weaknesses, maintaining employees knowledge and experience consistency, boosting staff morale and satisfaction, and improving staff performance (Frost, 2016), among others. Understanding potential benefits of the program will also make it easier to give it the necessary attention and adequate resources when implementing it. Therefore it has to start with looking at how employees and the company in general will benefit from the program. After identifying and analyzing the potential benefits, it is also important to share them with all stakeholders in the organization, including employees. This will help in preparing stakeholders in advance so that when they are called for to participate at different stages of the program, they will be supportive. The second step is to explore the target employees. It is important to acknowledge that different employees have different weaknesses, strengths and capabilities. Having the same professional learning program for all employees may not produce good results. For example, the specific needs of the companys employees in human resource department may be different from those in project management department. In this regard, it is more sensible to have different learning development programs for the two groups of employees. The aim of exploring target employees is to understand their needs. The company has many employees in different departments and so their needs are also probably varied. At this stage, relevant department can ask their staff to list down their weaknesses, strengths and what they need so as to improve their performance and productivity. According to (Duke, 2016), the process can be made easier by preparing self-assessment forms and giving them to employees to fill. The forms should require employees to list their skills, interests, personalities and values. These forms should also be prepared based on the skills, technologies and opportunities available for the employees and whether they will help the organization achieve its needs and objectives. It is important to note that giving employees a chance to list training needs that will improve their performance is one way of telling them to analyze and determine their career progress. These employees will take time to look at how their careers have been progressing in the past few years thus being able to know whether they are on the right track. So they will use this opportunity to identify their strengths, weaknesses and areas that need improvement. Some employees may also use this opportunity to express their wish of changing the department they are working in, such as from finance department to human resource department. Identifying the specific areas that need to change indirectly means improving their productivity at workplace. So this step will play a key role in enhancing the effectiveness of the professional learning program. The third step should be to set goals. This comes after evaluating the current situation of the organization i.e. company and employee needs. For the program to achieve the desired goals, it must have goals. As discussed by (Shala, 2013), there must be an ultimate goal and sub-goals. The goals should be as specific as possible, which can be achieved by using the SMART (specific, measureable, achievable, realistic and timely) strategy (Bowen and McDonough, 2013). For example, the company can use the program to aim at training 50 employees for the first half of the year and thereafter double the number for the remaining half of the year. Having such a goal will help the company to know the exact amount of resources required during the first six months and last six months of the training for that particular year. Setting goals also helps the company to identify any specific gaps in the knowledge or expertise of its employees, which may be preventing them from attaining their full potential at work. The company deals with different types and sizes of projects and clients thus these gaps will always be there. Knowing the gaps is also essential in designing a more specific program. The deadline for each goal should also be realistic so that everything is done painstakingly. The fourth step is to research the most suitable training course for implementing. There are different courses available and each is suitable for meeting varied needs. What is important is to select a course that will be effective in achieving the target goals. The company can decide to develop its own course from scratch, because it has the capability and/or resources, and use it to train employees internally. According to Australian Institute for Teaching and School Leadership, (2014), the most important thing is to ensure that the professional learning and development program chosen contains all effective elements. If the company cannot implement the selected course internally, it can look for available places where the course is offered and enroll their employees there. Some of the factors to consider when looking for a place to train employees externally include: location, duration of course, cost, and proven track record of execution, among others. Whether the course comprises of formal classes or online classes, it is very crucial to ensure flexibility because in most cases employees will be required to continue with their jobs while attending the course. The company can use its network to create or identify the most suitable course for its employees. The fifth step, which many people or organizations ignore, is to analyze costs. This is a crucial step because if the company cant meet the cost, the program cannot be effectively developed and implemented. It is worth noting that implementing a professional learning and development program requires substantial amount of resources (Warren, 2006).Some of the costs incurred include: equipment, tools or material costs, travel expenses, technology costs, downtime, instructor fees (especially if instructors come from outside the organization), and reduced employee productivity, among others. Remember that your employees may have to split the time between performing their normal tasks at the organization and going for the program training. So their level of production is likely to reduce when they are through the program. All costs associated with the program should be analyzed so as to find the best strategy of balancing them with the benefits of the program. Considering the qualified sta ff that the company has in its finance department, this should be an easy step for the company. The sixth step is to start implementing the program. This step comes after the organization has performed cost benefit analysis of the program and decided that the program is worth implementing. Basically, implementation involves employees going through the selected training course/program. The best way to know whether the program is being implemented effectively or not is to check attainment of sub-goals. It must be remembered that failure to achieve sub-goals will inhibit attainment of the ultimate goal. The benefits and goals of the program should be the main motivators to keep those involved committed throughout the process. As noted by DuFour (2004), it is important to ensure that the environment enables employees to learn, there is collaboration among all stakeholders, and focus is put on results. Ullman (2009) also argues that there should be trust among participants, learning teams should be given adequate time and the program has to be wide-ranging. Last but not least, the programs progress must be monitored and evaluated along the way. This will help in ensuring that everything is done on schedule and also gives updates on nearness to achieving the target goals. Monitoring the progress will also help the organization to identify new challenges or opportunities and make necessary changes to improve the programs effectiveness. The company can assign the monitoring task to head of departments in conjunction with the person in charge of professional learning and development program. Both the company and employees have to be ready for challenges that come along because nothing can go as perfectly as planned. The challenges should be used as learning opportunities. All difficulties or setbacks have to be recorded followed by establishing approaches of overcoming them. The company should celebrate any milestone attained along the way and reward participants who complete the program successfully. Additionally, the program has to be reevaluated after a certain period of time, such as six months. Reevaluation is important in ensuring that the program and its implementation process are aligned with employees and organizations needs and objectives. The reevaluation should be done in conjunction with progress monitoring. This is because the monitoring report is what should form the basis of suggesting changes, if any. Reevaluation is of great importance especially if the organization is implementing the professional learning and development program for the first time. The best way to do evaluation is by checking progress and success indicators (objectives). As stated by State of Victoria (2005), the importance of professional learning program across the world cannot be overstated. A professional learning and development program is an explicit approach that an organization develops and implements so as to improve the professionalism or competence of its employees. This program gives the organization the guidelines it has to follow to boost its employees professional growth, which translates into improved performance of the organization. Hence the program aims at identifying the needs of the company and formulating a strategy to meet them. If this program is developed properly and implemented effectively, both employees and the organization benefit significantly (Killion, 2008). I have no doubt that if I had a chance to go through a professional learning and development program while still at the company, my professionalism and productivity would have improved significantly. From my experience as an engineering educator, developing an effective professional learning and development program should follow this guideline: analyzing the importance, applicability or relevance of the program so as to know its benefits; exploring target employees/learners to understand their needs; setting goals; researching for the appropriate training course; analyzing costs; implementing the program; and monitoring progress. The program also requires necessary support system for it to be implemented effectively (Killion, 2013). Therefore professional learning and development programs are worthwhile for implementation not only in educational institutions but in all organizations. References Australian Institute for Teaching and School Leadership, 2014, Designing Professional Learning report, Sydney: Australian Government. Bowen, R and McDonough, M, 2013, Sample Smart Professional Development Goals, viewed September 17, 2016, https://www.brighthub.com/office/home/articles/72258.aspx DuFour, R, 2004, What is a Professional Learning Community? Viewed September 17, 2016, https://www.ascd.org/publications/educational-leadership/may04/vol61/num08/What-Is-a-Professional-Learning-Community%C2%A2.aspx Duke, 2016, Professional Development Plan, viewed September 17, 2016, https://www.hr.duke.edu/managers/performance/development/ Frost, S, 2016, The Importance of Training Development in the Workplace, viewed September 17, 2016, https://smallbusiness.chron.com/importance-training-development-workplace-10321.html Killion, J, 2008, Assessing impact: Evaluating staff development, Thousand Oaks, CA: Corwin Press. Killion, J, 2013, Professional learning plan: A workbook for states, districts, and schools, Oxford, OH: Learning Forward. Looper, L, 2016, How Professional Development Programs Work, viewed September 17, 2016, https://money.howstuffworks.com/business/professional-development/professional-development-programs4.htm Provini, C, 2012, Best Practices for Professional Learning Communities, viewed September 17, 2016, https://www.educationworld.com/a_admin/best-practices-for-professional-learning-communities.shtml Sarita, H, 2016, Ways to Promote Professional Development in the Workplace, viewed September 17, 2016, https://smallbusiness.chron.com/ways-promote-professional-development-workplace-45524.html Shala, M, 2013, 6 Steps to Create a Professional Development Plan, viewed September 17, 2016, https://www.recruiter.com/i/6-steps-to-create-a-professional-development-plan/ State of Victoria, 2005, Professional Learning in Effective Schools: The Seven Principles of Highly Effective Professional Learning, Melbourne: Leadership and Teacher Development Branch. The Peak Performance Center, 2016, Benefits of Professional Development, viewed September 17, 2016, https://thepeakperformancecenter.com/business/performance-management/professional-development-program/benefits-professional-development/ Timperley, H, Wilson A, Barrar H Fung I, 2007, Teacher Professional Learning and Development, Wellington: New Zealand Ministry of Education. Ullman, E, 2009, How to Create a Professional Learning Community, viewed September 17, 2016, https://www.edutopia.org/professional-learning-communities-collaboration-how-to Utah State Board of Education, 2016, Teaching and Learning Licensing, viewed September 17, 2016, https://www.schools.utah.gov/cert/License-Renewals/Professional-Learning-Plan.aspx Warren, J L, 2006, Professional Community and Professional Development in the Learning-Centered School, Washington, DC, National Education Association. Wilcox, J, 2005, Developing Professional Skills, UK Centre for Materials Education, viewed September 17, 2016, https://www.materials.ac.uk/guides/developing.asp

Why does he shift the the first person plural w Essays -

why does he shift the the first person plural we' in the final lines of the poem? The narrator feels a sense of frustration as he waits for his lover as evidenced through the first person , " I listened with heart fit to break." The shift to second person in the last lines of the poem, "And thus we sit her enow" indicates how his frustration of waiting for his lover are now appeared through her death as he has possession of her, "And I untightened next to the tress." Through her murder he has gained control of his lover now she will never leave him again. What is the effect of repeating and' Thecumulativeeffect ofand', shows the actionofPorphyria'sloveras illustrated in "And kneeled and made the cheerless grate" and shows her dominance in the relationship. This poem was written during the Victorian period- why is it important to have an understanding of this period when you read the poem It is important to understand the context of the poem as in the Victorian Period there was certain social constraints and gender expectations such as the male being dominant' and 'powerful' in a relationship. Women were also not allowed to have affairs and be dating people of lower social status to them. Without knowing it would be hard to develop a deeper understanding as to why there relationship was behind closed doors and why at first Porphyria' had more power. Thus the reason behind why she was killed. Porphyria is perfectly pure and good and thus satisfies her role as a traditional Victorian women. Why is this ironic? find quotes to support your answer. This is ironic as she subverts the 19 th century gender and relationship expectations as demonstrated through "she put my arm about her waist", to convey her control and dominance within the relationship. During this time period men were usually powerful' and dominant'. However this is not the case in her relationship. This is further supported by the use of active verbs and repetition of and' in "And kneeled and made the cheerless grate" showing her action and the fact that she is in control. What might the removal of her dipping cloak and shawl' etc be symbolic of? This shows her status , and conveys the fact that she is behind the closeddoor which is metaphoric/symbolic of her freedom from theoutside constraints. Although Porphyria's lover appears to be insane Browning is making a comment about the Victorian social class system- what do you think he is trying to say? He is trying to convey that in the Victorian Social class system women generally were not dominant and did not have power in the relationship. They were also not allowed to be have affairs. In the poem Porphyria' is dating a person on a lower social status to her which was not socially accepted in this time period and thus she had more power and control. This is why their relationship was behind closed door showing the society's opposition to their unequal match of their inequality. The poem Porphoriyas lover' was opposite to what was socially acceptable in that time period and hence leading to her lover murdering her. Extended response Browning examines the potential for tragedy when lives are controlled by thee strict social rules such as those of Victorian England Browning examines the potential for the tragedy when lives are controlled by the strict social rules such as those of Victorian England. Porphyria subverts the 19 th century expectations as demonstrated through "she put my arm about her waist", to convey her control and dominance within the relationship. Due, to the constraints of that time, the lovers meet in secret as metaphorically depicted through "she shut the storm", where the words cold' and storm' indicate society's opposition to their unequal match of inequality. The removal of her dipping cloak and shawl' indicate her status and convey the fact that she is behind closed doors which is symbolic of her freedom from the outside constraints .The persona refers to Porphyria as " To weak, for all her heart endeavour' implying that although in love with him pride' will not allow her to dissever' her' social ties' as she is vain and will not surrender her position in society.

The Leaning Tower of Pisa Gets a Face Lift essays

The Leaning Tower of Pisa Gets a Face Lift essays The Leaning Tower of Pisa is known throughout the world for its tilt. Since this slanted building began sinking during its second phase of building, people have been trying to fix it. The article, "[The] Leaning Tower of Pisa Gets a Face-Lift", shows the latest plan. There are three major parts to the new renovation. First the history of the building and past attempts, next the plans and how they are being carried out, and the opposition to the committee. The building of this structure began on August 9, 1173. It was not finished until approximately 200 years later. The first phase of construction built the first three floors. This phase took place between 1173 and 1178. The next phase, completed the fourth, fifth, sixth, and seventh floors. This phase took place between 1272 and 1278. During this time period, one side of the Tower of Pisa began to sink. This is how it got its name the "leaning" Tower of Pisa. The next phase started around 1350 and placed the bell tower on top. This was the eighth and final layer of the building. This stage was completed roughly ten years later. The "final phase", as the article refers to the renovation stage, started on January 11the and is expected to be completed by spring 2001. The history of this particular building is full of both successes and failures. Since the building started sinking, many committees have been formed to straighten out this building. Some helped, but some only seemed to make the problem worse. A total of sixteen different committees have seen to this project. In 1995 "Black Saturday" happened. This was when one of the committees decisions was to freeze the ground with liquid nitrogen. It turned out to be a big mistake. Not only did it not improve the upright position of the building, but it also undid and inch of the previous improvements. The latest committee has been given "total autonomy in the decision-making process." In other words, they don't have to go throug...

Contemporary issues in marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Contemporary issues in marketing - Essay Example Business and promoting analysts direct the greater part of consumption examination to all the more correctly comprehend consumer inspirations and figure out what items consumers will purchase. To date, consumption is understudied in social science. Early social scholars treated consumption as a bit of hindsight. Marx (1972) alluded to consumption as an "item fixation," a social need that came about because of the investor mode of processing. Weber (1958) in his dissection of the "Protestant ethic," proposes that overconsumption is connected to indulgent propensities. Simmel (1997) prominent that form, shopping and mass consumption are strategies for self representation in current urban life. Furthermore, extensively, Veblen (1959) created the idea of the "relaxation class," where consumption is utilized to mean high social standing and class. Contemporary sociological examinations concerning consumption practices start with Bourdieu’s (1984) idea of "social capital," which clarifies how people utilize consumption to exhibit economic wellbeing and Ritzer’s (1996) hypothesis of the " Mcdonaldization of public opinion," where he contends that cutting edge consumption is supported by substantial enterprises. All the more as of late researchers are progressively examining non-monetarily judicious consumption drills. A subset of consumer’s utilization obtaining choices to help issues they feel decidedly about, and in a few cases use consumption as a political apparatus (Michelleti 2003). These consumers, who make non-monetarily reasonable obtaining choices to help social issues, are taking part in ethical consumption (Pelsmacker, et al. 2003; Tallontire, et al. 2001). The investigation of ethics has a long history, starting with exemplary works like Aristotle’s Nicomachean Ethics (350 B.c.e.)[2002] about whether, subfields of ethics

SYLVIA LAVIN too much information Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

SYLVIA LAVIN too much information - Essay Example It creates situations whereby most of the artists become uncomfortable because curators use non-art materials to explain art. In fact, most of the artists consider such approaches as anticritical and dictatorial. Lavin agrees that curators are increasingly replacing artists in art exhibitions because of the dominant use of non-art material to explain art (Lavin 2). I agree with the issues Lavin raises in the article because contemporary art lacks a standard principle or ideology. An increasing number of art organizers are claiming ownership of art materials that they present in exhibitions. Contemporary artists have allowed themselves to be used by organizers of art exhibitions. In fact, most of the contemporary artists have little interest in displaying their work. Rather, they are interested in selling their ideas to the highest bidder thus compromising their position in the world of arts. Consequently, contemporary artists have converted organizers into artists. Organizers who manipulate artists and present the works of these artists as their own are currently dominating contemporary art. It is no wonder that organizers are dominating contemporary art

Leadership Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 3

Leadership - Assignment Example The today business world faces numerous challenges; the economic world is actually characterized by the never unknown transformations of new technologies, ever growing and changing market demands and the global competition (Gardner & Schermerhorn Jr, 2004). There is a high level of uncertainties and complexities facing the workers in their various workplaces, and the job roles are becoming very ambiguous and the originations have found a new companion called change. The leaders who look at company matters for their personal gains instead of considering the organizational well-being usually because deep resignation, general mistrust amongst the employees and the citizens, in general. In this unpredictable business environment, demand for new original leadership is rising very fast. The lack of the public trust in the business world always has some consequences which are very dangerous to the many who enjoy the market system and that is why the development of unique set of business leaders who treat the very people who work for them as the backbone of their business and the key to success rather than some capital incentives for doing business is actually very essential (Dent, Higgins, & Wharff, 2005). Many people are going round looking for the actual meaning of their working life, looking for the leaders who can restore the much-needed trust, the ever needed confidence, optimism and the much-envied resilience. The society in the today’s world is in the constant need of innovative and sustained performance which is based on the much needed ethical values that usually go beyond the daily financial gains. The secret of leading the ever growing leading business organizations firmly lies in the slow development and some adoption and integration of authentic leaders who can actually give their employees the much needed guidance and together march on for a shared vision, and the authentic leaders who are competent enough

Sports Essays Table Tennis China

Sports Essays Table Tennis China Like many other sports, table tennis began as a mild social diversion. Descending from lawn tennis to badminton to the  ancient medieval game of tennis. Table Tennis likely began as a social hobby in England toward the end of the 1800s. These early pioneers may have referred to their sport as gossima, flim-flam, or ping-pong. The game became a huge fun event after the name Ping-Pong, the noise made by the ball striking the table, was introduced by J. Jacques Son. It became very popular in England under its present name â€Å"Ping-Pong.† (Hickok) By the early years of this century, Ping-Pong had already acquired some of its present day complexities, but it was still used by many as an after-dinner amusement game rather than a sport. Dining-room tables made up some of the early equipment that was used. Several different every-day objects were used to play the sport. They used a line of books as the net; rackets were lids from empty cigar boxes, and then a little later, parchment paper stretched around a frame created a paddle. The ball would be either a ball of string, or perhaps more commonly, a champagne cork or rubber ball. The game underwent a few changes in England in the next few years. One person introduced a celluloid ball to the game, while another added pimpled rubber to the wooden paddle. These additions were used by many and advanced on by others. Some box sets can still be bought from Milton Bradley. (Bradley) The game was very popular in Central Europe in 1905 to 1910, but even this was a modified version that was introduced to Japan, where it later spread to China and Korea to become a huge popular sport in these countries. (Museum) The Japanese dominated the sport for much of the 50s and 60s. But in the 60s and 70s, the Chinese soon caught up with the Japanese. China alone has dominated the sport for much of the time since then, especially after Table Tennis became an Olympic event in the 1980s. For a reason unknown, the Chinese took table tennis as their national sport. And most other countries cant really touch them in skill. Alone from China four of the top ten from both male and female live here including number one. Now other nations such as Sweden and South Korea have joined the top ranks. For a while in Europe, it lost its fun and became very unpopular to play. Then in the early twenties, it regained its popularity and became a sport. In 1926 the International Table Tennis Federation, ITTF, was formed. By that time it had adopted its new name of Ping-Pong, while also being called table tennis. It started to become so popular that organizations and federations developed and rules and regulations were made. (Museum) Over the next sixty years, table tennis developed into a major worldwide sport. Today it is said that a rough 30 thousand people play competitively, and another million to 2 million play in household rooms and garages. Although it has became faster and harder to play, the game itself has not lost its â€Å"gentlemans† sport aura. One major concern that the ITTF has always insured that table tennis remains a contest of human skills. Also, they are very concerned with technological developments, which add a new factor to the game like the spin and speed of a paddle or bat, do not give too great an advantage to the players who get to use these developments. Therefore, equipment specifications are carefully laid down, and rigorously enforced. (Museum) Other changes like lowering of a net, is a big rule that shouldnt be broken. Rules preventing excessive advantage being gained by the server-were introduced in the thirties, and only minor changes are made from time to time. Changes to the rules of the sport can only be made only at the ITTFs Biennial General Meeting. These changes are never made without the agreement of a substantial majority of the hundred members in Associations represented at the BGM. In this vote everyone is equal. This is kind of like the UN Security Council too, if they want to veto a rule or movement, just one person can stop the rule or movement. Modern table tennis at a high rank is as rigorous as any sport in its demands for the highest degree of physical fitness and mental concentration. Very physical and arduous training to develop natural skills for the sport usually attains this. Fred Perry in 1928-29 became the World Mens Singles Table Tennis Champion, and then in the following years he became a champion at Wimbledon. Many say he moved to the tennis court because his reactions got slower. But it is certainly true that no other sport requires faster reactions and more delicate muscular co-ordination than ping-pong. (Museum) According to a PBS article: One of the first public hints of improved U.S.-China relations came on April 6, 1971. This happened when the American Ping-Pong team in Japan for the 31st World Table Tennis Championship, received a surprise invitation from their Chinese colleagues for an all-expense paid visit to the Peoples Republic. Time magazine called it The ping heard round the world. On April 10, nine players, four officials, and two spouses stepped across a bridge from Hong Kong to the Chinese mainland, ushering in an era of Ping-Pong diplomacy. They were the first group of Americans allowed into China since the Communist takeover in 1949.(Dean) In table tennis there are very many different strokes, different swings, and different stances. I, myself as a ping-pong player, use the shake-hand grip. I use this grip for very many reasons. One reason would have to be that it feels the most comfortable to me. It feels way more natural and comfortable rather than the pen-hold grip. I have a lot more speed and control when I hit a hard move or hit. Another reason is because if someone hits the ball really fast back to me, then I am ready and I can hit back a very fast stroke back. In this style I can hit a backhand or forehand as fast as my body will let me. Also when I use this grip I can hit the ball to any spot on the table. When I use the pen-hold grip, I cant usually hit the ball where I want to. In table tennis, professionals play with either the shake-hand grip or the pen-hold grip. I myself use this grip. I have more control and more speed when I use this style. The shake-hand grip is appropriately named because you hold the paddle as if you were shaking someones hand, with your index finger extending over the bottom part of the rubber on the backhand side and your thumb slightly touching the rubber on the forehand side. (Bradley, Milton) The pen-hold grip is also appropriately named because you hold the paddle just like a pen, only grasping the paddle at the top of the handle. Because of this, people that use this grip get a paddle with a more comfortable handle to use this grip. The wrist flick is almost always done from the backhand side. The opponent usually does it to return a serve or to return a ball hit very short and low. (Bradley) The counter is used against topspin balls, which you have no time to loop. This stroke requires very little forward arm motion, but it is extremely important that you angle and position your paddle correctly. If it is hard topspin, you must angle your paddle downward, so the ball is forced not to pop up when you hit it. If it is soft topspin, do angle your paddle so its nearly facing the opponent. If hitting either a backhand or a forehand, the paddle should only move forward about a foot during the complete shot. (Bradley) All in all, ping-pong has a long history of ups and downs. It started in the end of the 1800s and has since then become very popular. From all countries there have been many people that have played their way to the top of ping-pong history. There are a lot of different strokes and spin moves in the game of ping-pong. There are two main grips, pen-hold grip and shake-hold grip which are used in all games of ping-pong. Works Cited: Deen, Alfred. History of Table Tennis. PongWorld. 2000. PongWorld. 31 Jan 2008 . Hickok, Ralph. Table Tennis. Hickok Sports.com. Monday, 17-Dec-2007 11:26:23. Hickok Sports. 4 Feb 2008 . International Table Tennis Federation museum, The History of Table Tennis. Robbins Table Tennis Specialties. 2007. Robbins Table Tennis Specialties, Inc.. 31 Jan 2008 http://www.robbinstabletennis.com/history.htm ITTF Museum. A Comprehensive History of Table Tennis. ITTF Museum. ITTF Museum. 4 Feb 2008 . Milton Bradley, The History of Table Tennis. Table Tennis History. Fortune City. 4 Feb 2008 . Willcox, Isobel. Acrobats Ping~Pong. 13438. New York: Dodd, mead Company, 1981.

Essay on the Irony of Pride in Pride and Prejudice -- Pride Prejudice

The Irony of Pride in Pride and Prejudice      Ã‚  Ã‚   Jane Austen uses the elements of both pride and prejudice to develop the satire in her novel. Austen presents pride as both a vice and a virtue. Austen first introduces pride as a vice of arrogance and prejudice, but as the characters in the novel develop so does the concept of pride. Towards the end of the novel pride becomes the vehicle for many of the noble actions taken by the main characters. Austen skillfully interweaves the two parts of pride, the plot, and the main characters so that they develop together in the book. When we get to the end of the novel, we are left with a fuller understanding of the complexities of pride.    Throughout the first part of the novel pride is seen as negative and destructive. It is characterized as being conceited and arrogant. The actions of the main characters seem to be guided by selfish pride. It is this kind of pride that leads the main characters to act in ways that causes themselves and others much distress and suffering. In fact, the tensions, misunderstandings, and hostilities between the two main leading characters, Mr. Darcy and Miss Elizabeth Bennet are byproducts of the vice of arrogant pride.    When we first meet Mr. Darcy at an assembly, he is perceived as a handsome exciting young man who holds much promise as a gentleman and future husband. But the assembly guests soon scrutinize his prideful manners and actions and he is found to be less then desirable. Mrs. Bennet, Elizabeth's mother, sees him as the "proudest, most disagreeable man in the world." His conceited and prideful disposition not only offends her, but most of company at the assembly. His arrogance consumes him and his character, and veils any good... ...ouse Publishers, 1996. Hennelly, Jr., Mark M. "Pride and Prejudice." Jane Austen: New Perspectives. ed. Janet Todd. New York: Holmes & Meier Publishers, Inc., 1983. Jane Austen Info Page. Henry Churchyard. U of Texas, Austin. 23 Nov. 2000.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   <http://www.pemberly.com/janeinfo/janeinfo/html>. Kaplan, Deborah.   Structures of Status: Eighteenth-Century Social Experience as Form in Courtesy Books and Jane Austen's Novels. Diss. University of Michigan, 1979. Monaghan, David.   Jane Austen Structure and Social Vision.   New York: Barnes & Noble Books, 1980. Poplawski, Paul.   A Jane Austen Encyclopedia.   Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1998. Reidhead, Julia, ed. Norton Anthology of English Literature vol. 7, 2nd ed. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 2000. Ward, David Allen. "Pride and Prejudice." Explicator. 51.1: (1992).   

Charles Dickens and the Victorian Era Essay

The writer Charles Dickens created some of the most memorable fictional stories and is generally regarded as the greatest novelist of the Victorian period. He managed to represent features that were characteristic of this period. A clear example of this is ‘The Signalman† which was written by the author in 1865 and was based on a signalman who worked with the steam trains. There are two aspects of this work that portray the Victorian period. One distinctive aspect is the use of the supernatural device and the other is the use of the prejudices which were typical from this time. One important aspect in the story that gives a picture of the Victorianism is the use of the supernatural device. As the Victorian era progressed, the supernatural interest began to grow; consequently the Gothic genre began to gain in popularity. During this period literature reflected this interest through the prevalence of ghosts, mysterious apparitions, and unexplainable sounds in the literary w orks. (Craig, 2012) Dickens attempts to capture the superstitious beliefs that predominated during the Victorian period, using the supernatural theme in the story. It is shown through the signalman who is convinced that he is haunted or that there is a â€Å"ghost†. Meanwhile the narrator believes that these premonitions are merely coincidences, and that there is not any spectre but the wind. To sum up, Dickens tries to explore altered states of mind by which he was fascinated in the last part of his life and which will lead to the development of the imminent modern psychology afterward. Another important aspect is the use of the â€Å"prejudices† in order to depict an important quality of the Victorian world. The story illustrates how the Victorian society was judged by class. In this case, the narrator is surprised that the signalman is an educated man that has a low rank job which would be suitable for a lower classed person. It is shown when the narrator affirms ‘[†¦]he had been well educated, and (I hoped I might say without offence) perhaps educated above that station†¦Ã¢â‚¬â„¢.(Dickens,1907, p.14 ). By analyzing this extract it can be inferred that Victorian society had their social classes clearly defined and  that each class had its own standards. Thus, an educated person was expected to belong to middle or upper class consequently that person was supposed to have a job appropriate to that class. All in all, indirectly, it could be said that the author is concerned about the prejudices and standards assumed to each social class. Nothing can detract from the fact that Charles Dickens was an outstanding writer who drew the attention of the reading public exploring social themes that took place during those times. Indirectly, the author illustrated the era he lived in, describing aspects such as the beliefs as well as the attitudes society had during the Victorian Era. On balance, there is not a shadow of doubt that Dickens challenges and is concerned on the popular Victorian beliefs that some people were more prone to vice than others. REFERENCES Craig, S. (2012). Ghosts of the Mind: The Supernatural and Madness in Victorian Gothic Literature. Retrieved from: http://aquila.usm.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1098&context=honors_theses Dickens, C. (1907). The Signalman. Pickwick Papers. London. Everyman’s Library.

Free Essays on King Oedipus by Sophocles

King Oedipus by Sophocles Blindness is the downfall of the hero Oedipus in the play â€Å"King Oedipus† by Sophocles. Not only does the blindness appear physically, but also egotistically as he refuses to acknowledge the possibility of him actually being the murderer of Laius, the former King of Thebes. Coincidentally, he is also Oedipus’s biological father. The use of light and dark in the play is strategically applied in order to better understand the emotion that lies within the characters. As blame is placed upon Oedipus for the murder of Laius, he blinds himself from the possible reality that he may be the killer. The people of Thebes are informed that there is an impending curse upon them as a result of the murder mystery of their previous king, Laius. In order to quicken the cure, Oedipus calls on Teiresias, the blind prophet to aide them. Excessive pride fuels his inability to believe the prophecy of Teiresias stating Oedipus is the killer, and that he has married his mother. â€Å"Until I came - I, ignorant Oedipus, came - and stopped the riddler’s mouth, guessing the truth by mother-wit, not bird-love.† Because he continually boasts about how he has saved Thebes from the Sphinx, he believes that no one could know more than he, especially if he is the one to be accused of a crime he â€Å"knows† he didn’t commit. In response Teiresias argues, â€Å"You are please to mock my blindness. Have you eyes, and do not see your own damnation? E yes and cannot see what company you keep.† This is a pivotal component to the irony behind the idea of blindness throughout the play. Although Teiresias is physically blind, he is able to accept and â€Å"see† the truth, while Oedipus physically being able to see is left in the dark rejecting truth. The blindness of Oedipus leads to the darkness of Thebes also known as The City of Light. â€Å"We cannot believe, we cannot deny; all’s dark. We fear, but we cannot see, what is before us† worry... Free Essays on King Oedipus by Sophocles Free Essays on King Oedipus by Sophocles King Oedipus by Sophocles Blindness is the downfall of the hero Oedipus in the play â€Å"King Oedipus† by Sophocles. Not only does the blindness appear physically, but also egotistically as he refuses to acknowledge the possibility of him actually being the murderer of Laius, the former King of Thebes. Coincidentally, he is also Oedipus’s biological father. The use of light and dark in the play is strategically applied in order to better understand the emotion that lies within the characters. As blame is placed upon Oedipus for the murder of Laius, he blinds himself from the possible reality that he may be the killer. The people of Thebes are informed that there is an impending curse upon them as a result of the murder mystery of their previous king, Laius. In order to quicken the cure, Oedipus calls on Teiresias, the blind prophet to aide them. Excessive pride fuels his inability to believe the prophecy of Teiresias stating Oedipus is the killer, and that he has married his mother. â€Å"Until I came - I, ignorant Oedipus, came - and stopped the riddler’s mouth, guessing the truth by mother-wit, not bird-love.† Because he continually boasts about how he has saved Thebes from the Sphinx, he believes that no one could know more than he, especially if he is the one to be accused of a crime he â€Å"knows† he didn’t commit. In response Teiresias argues, â€Å"You are please to mock my blindness. Have you eyes, and do not see your own damnation? E yes and cannot see what company you keep.† This is a pivotal component to the irony behind the idea of blindness throughout the play. Although Teiresias is physically blind, he is able to accept and â€Å"see† the truth, while Oedipus physically being able to see is left in the dark rejecting truth. The blindness of Oedipus leads to the darkness of Thebes also known as The City of Light. â€Å"We cannot believe, we cannot deny; all’s dark. We fear, but we cannot see, what is before us† worry...

David Sarnoff Mass Broadcasting essays

David Sarnoff Mass Broadcasting essays David Sarnoff was a pioneer of mass broadcasting. He was born at a pivotal time in history and grew up as new technologies were beginning to be invented. But David Sarnoff took the dreams of inventors and saw beyond them to a future that no one but he could have imagined. He is responsible for the development of radio and TV as we know it today. Sarnoff developed radio and TV networks and regarded black-and-white TV as merely a transition until color could be made available. Astonishingly, he even envisioned the concept of the VCR. This paper will cover Sarnoffs life and the vision he gave the world in the mass broadcasting industry. David Sarnoff will have a strong influence on my career. He began when there was no television, and he developed his skills in radio, and then he advanced and kept up with the new technology. Today the new technology is the Internet, so I plan to keep up with the new technology by developing my Internet skills. David Sarnoff had to support his family from an early age, so he quickly learned English. It is taking me a long time to learn good English, but it is also important for me. English is the language that is used all over the world, so it is important for communication in the mass media. Sarnoff did not go to college, but I have the great privilege and advantage of a college education. When I read about how Sarnoff developed his career form newspapers to radio to television, I am inspired. If he could make a success of his life, then I can make a success of my life, too. I cannot begin at the top, but I can advance to the top. Sarnoff educated himself by studying engineering, so he was not just a manager. This tells me that it is very important to have technical knowledge when you are working in the mass media. Therefore, I plan to learn as much as I can about computers and how they work, as well as how the Internet works. I believe that I can become an important leader...

Poor Nations Are Poor Because the First World Is Rich Essay

Poor Nations Are Poor Because the First World Is Rich - Essay Example Examples of such countries that have undergone such natural disasters include Haiti and Indonesia. On July 6th and 7th Hurricane Dennis touched the south-east coast of Haiti causing devastating damage that cost about $4 billion USD. For a country like Haiti that was a big economic blow. However, it is the poor countries who allow the exploitation to take place. Consequently, they re partly to blame. However, exploitation of the poor countries contribute to their impoverished states. Another contributing factor is the issue of slavery. Although slavery was abolished more than a hundred and forty years ago, most of the third world countries have been and still are on the receiving end of this practice. While rich first world countries spent most of their time acquiring wealth and building their superior economies, most of the poor nation's citizens had not gained their freedom. Africa for example has some of the poorest and youngest nations in the world with most of their early years s pent being ruled by their colonial masters, most of which are the first world countries (Myers, 2004). In the present day there is also the emergence of human trafficking. Human trafficking is a practice whereby an individual is tricked or coerced into forced labor. The person is then used as a sex slave or for labor. Most victims of human trafficking come from third world countries and are often poor, gullible and uneducated. This continual loss of people through slavery and human trafficking has an adverse effect on the growth of these third world countries (Starr, 2003). However, slavery was facilitated by the natives of the poor countries. Consequently, the blame cannot be squarely put on the developed countries alone. However, this vice continues to contribute to the state of... This paper approves that while rich first world countries spent most of their time acquiring wealth and building their superior economies, most of the poor nation's citizens had not gained their freedom. Africa for example has some of the poorest and youngest nations in the world with most of their early years spent being ruled by their colonial masters, most of which are the first world countries. In the present day there is also the emergence of human trafficking. Human trafficking is a practice whereby an individual is tricked or coerced into forced labor. The person is then used as a sex slave or for labor. Most victims of human trafficking come from third world countries and are often poor, gullible and uneducated. This paper makes a conclusion that first world countries have been the main set back as far as a development is concerned in the third world nation. Some measures have been put in place to ensure industrialization in the developed world does not limit developing nation’s capacities. For instance, environmental international laws require that each country should not exceed a certain amount or rate of polluting gases to the atmosphere. Developed countries should unite so they operate as a single block, as experienced in Europe and United Kingdom. Such unity will enable improved international trade between the countries, other than depending on export and import trade with Western, developed nations. Such unity is also likely to improve their currency strengths.

Four Circles of HR Professionalism Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Four Circles of HR Professionalism - Assignment Example This involves having a knack for managing people and conducting activities which may include hiring and recruiting the staff, managing work culture and job performance within an organization, training the personnel working within an organization, assuring that the staff complies with the rules and regulations in an organization, and the overall management of the behaviour of personnel at the workplace (Sartain &Finney 2005). Thereby in a professional context, any HR manager does need to be astutely aware of as to how to conduct oneself at the workplace (Kulik 2004). There stand to be some predominant professional considerations related to the workplace that an HR manager does need to hold sacrosanct. As an HR I am well aware of the fact that within a professional environment it is not only the sacrosanct ‘best practices’ but also an array of rules and regulations that my conduct needs to be subservient to. I am well aware of the fact that for the personnel I manage, I am the actual company. Not only the staffs that I manage to view me as the management but in the courts of law, I will also be considered to be the actual employer (Muller 2012). This realization has a serious impact on my professional conduct. I am well aware of the fact that as an HR manager I will always be directly held responsible for the things I do or fail to do for the employees (Muller 2012). The other thing that I always keep in my mind is that employees never leave organizations; they mostly tend to leave bosses. Thereby I also keep in my mind that every employee that comes to work in the organization is not a passive toolbox, but rather a complete person with a heart and a mind and a soul. My approach towards employees is always imbued with concern and I hold very human expectations from them. I well understand the fact that employees do always need a feedback. Whether they are doing a good job or are not doing well, the employees are mostly not able to ascertain it until they are evinced an honest feedback (Slade 1994). I have also realized that extending a timely feedback to the employees does go a long way in assuring organizational efficiency and thereby as an HR professional I make it a point to be thorough and prompt with the feedback I extend to the employees.  

Cloud Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cloud Development - Essay Example As the temperature decreases the molecules lose some of their energy, and compress onto particles in the atmosphere, shaping clouds. Water molecules are stored in the atmosphere in all three states of matter. Water vapor in the atmosphere is commonly referred to as humidity. If liquid and solid forms of water can overcome atmospheric updrafts they can fall to the Earth's surface as precipitation. The formation of ice crystals and water droplets occurs when the atmosphere is cooled to a temperature that causes condensation or deposition. Four processes that can trigger such atmospheric cooling are oro-graphic uplift; convectional uplift; air mass convergence; and energy loss. [01] Precipitation can be defined as any aqueous deposit, in liquid or solid form, that develops in a saturated atmospheric environment and generally falls from clouds. A number of different precipitation types have been classified by meteorologists including rain, freezing rain, snow, ice pellets, snow pellets, and hail. Fog represents the saturation of air near the ground surface. Classification of fog types is accomplished by the identific ation of the mechanism that caused the air to become saturated. [01] The distribution of precipitation on the Earth's surface is generally controlled by the absence or presence of mechanisms that lift air masses to cause saturation. It is also controlled by the amount of water vapor held in the air, which is a function of air temperature. A figure is presented that illustrates global precipitation patterns. Clouds and Their Formation: A cloud can be defined as a visible mass of condensed droplets, frozen crystals suspended in the atmosphere above the surface of the Earth. More importantly, these clouds can also occur as masses of material in interstellar space, where they are called interstellar clouds and nebulae. [02] On Earth the condensing substance is typically water vapor, which forms small droplets or ice crystals, typically 0.01 mm in diameter. [02] When surrounded by billions of other droplets or crystals they become visible as clouds. Dense deep clouds exhibit a high reflectance (70% to 95%) throughout the visible range of wavelengths: they thus appear white, at least from the top. Cloud droplets tend to scatter light efficiently, so that the intensity of the solar radiation decreases with depth into the cloud, hence the gray or even sometimes dark appearance of the clouds at their base. [02] Thin clouds may appear to have acquired the color of their environment or background, and clouds illuminated by n on-white light, such as during sunrise or sunset, may be colored accordingly. In the near-infrared range, clouds would appear darker because the water that constitutes the cloud droplets strongly absorbs solar radiation at those wavelengths. [02] Types of Clouds: Although there are many types of clouds with respect to their different characteristics, clouds are mainly divided into three major classifications. These are as under, Cirrus Clouds: The name originates from the Latin word meaning "curl of hair". These feathery clouds form very high up in the sky (at altitudes between 5 km and 14 km) where it is very cold. [03] They are therefore made up of tiny ice crystals rather than water droplets. Cirrus clouds occur in warm air which is being slowly lifted over a large area by an approaching cold front, and they

Phonetics Case Essay Example for Free

Phonetics Case Essay Introduction The aim of this thesis is to give a systematic description of some aspects of English morphophonemic. The thesis falls into 2 chapters: The first chapter, which is an introduction, presents a short sketch of the title, the problem, the purpose of the study,phonological rules. The second chapter is devoted to some of the basic concepts required in the study of morphophonemic. It starts with various definitions of morpheme, allomorph. The thesis ends with some conclusions, a list of bibliography. Morphophonemic Analysis designates the analytic procedures whereby paradigms with phonological alternations are reduced to underlying representations and phonological rules. The term morphophonemic analysis has a now obscure origin. In the 1940s and 1950s, many phonologists worked with a theory in which (roughly) all neutralizing rules were assumed to apply before all allophonic rules. This in effect divided the phonology into two components: a neutralizing component, whose units were called morphophonemes, and a non-neutralizing component, which dealt with phonemes and allophones. This bifurcated-phonology theory is widely considered untenable today, but  morphophonemics remains a useful term for characterizing the study of neutralizing phonological rules as they apply in paradigms. When we conduct morphophonemic analysis, we seek to establish a connection between data and theory. The theory in question is that morphemes are stored in the lexicon in an invariant phonemic form, are strung together by morphological and syntactic rules, and are then converted to their surface forms by a sequence of phonological rules (often neutralizing), applied in a particular order. The purpose of morphophonemic analysis is to discover a set of underlying forms and ordered rules that are consistent with the data; and the payoff is that seemingly complex patterns are often reduced to simplicity. Morphophonemic analysis may be contrasted with phonemic analysis. Phonemic analysis is a more limited form of phonological analysis that seeks only to discover the non-neutralizing (allophonic) rules of the phonology. In phonemic analysis, only the distribution and similarity of the phones is examined. Therefore, the data need not be grouped in paradigms, but need only comprise a sufficiently large and representative set of words. Like phonemic analysis, morphophonemic analysis can be pursued with a systematic method. The main purpose of my work consists in making exact definition of a phoneme and allophone and be able to distinguish them. To understand what is morphophonemic?   Problems of my work are: morphophonemic and morphophonological rules, types of morphophonological changes, relation between phonology and morphophonology, isolation forms, rule ordering, morphophonology and orthography. Morphophonology (also morphophonemics, morphonology) is a branch of linguistics which studies the interaction between morphological and phonological or phonetic processes. Its chief focus is the sound changes that take place in morphemes (minimal meaningful units) when they combine to form words. Morphophonological analysis often involves an attempt to give a series of formal rules that successfully predict the regular sound changes occurring in the morphemes of a given language. Such a series of rules  converts a theoretical underlying representation into a surface form that is actually heard. The units of which the underlying representations of morphemes are composed are sometimes called morphophonemes. The surface form produced by the morphophonological rules may consist of phonemes (which are then subject to ordinary phonological rules to produce speech sounds or phones), or else the morphophonological analysis may bypass the phoneme stage and produce the phones itself. Morphop honemes and morphophonological rules When morphemes combine, they influence each others sound structure (whether analyzed at a phonetic or phonemic level), resulting in different variant pronunciations for the same morpheme. Morphophonology attempts to analyze these processes. A languages morphophonological structure is generally described with a series of rules which, ideally, can predict every morphophonological alternation that takes place in the language. An example of a morphophonological alternation in English is provided by the plural morpheme, written as -s or -es. Its pronunciation alternates between [s], [z], and [É ªz], as in cats, dogs, and horses respectively. A purely phonological analysis would most likely assign to these three endings the phonemic representations /s/, /z/, /É ªz/. On a morphophonological level, however, they may all be considered to be forms of the underlying object //z//, which is a morphophoneme. The different forms it takes are dependent on the segment at the end of the morpheme to which it attaches – these dependencies are described by morphophonological rules. (The behaviour of the English past tense ending -ed is similar – it can be pronounced [t], [d] or [É ªd], as in hoped, bobbed and added.) Note that the plural suffix -s can also influence the form taken by the preceding morpheme, as in the case of the words leaf and knife, which end with [f] in the singular, but have [v] in the plural (leaves, knives). On a morphophonological level these morphemes may be analyzed as ending in a morphophoneme //F//, which becomes voiced when a voiced consonant (in this case the //z// of the plural ending) is attached to it. This rule may be written symbolically as: /F/ - [ÃŽ ±voice] / __ [ÃŽ ±voice]. In the International Phonetic Alphabet, pipes (| |) are often used to indicate a morphophonemic rather than phonemic representation. Another common convention is double slashes (// //), as  above, implying that the transcription is more phonemic than simply phonemic. Other conventions sometimes seen are double pipes (|| ||) and curly brackets ({ }). Types of morphophonological changes Inflected and agglutinating languages may have extremely complicated systems of morphophonemics. Examples of complex morphophonological systems include: 1. Sandhi, the phenomenon behind the English examples of plural and past tense above, is found in virtually all languages to some degree. Even Mandarin, which is sometimes said to display no morphology, nonetheless displays tone sandhi, a morphophonemic alternation. 2. Consonant gradation, found in some Uralic languages such as Finnish, Estonian, Northern Sà ¡mi, and Nganasan. 3. Vowel harmony, which occurs in varying degrees in languages all around the world, notably Turkic languages. 3. Ablaut, found in English and other Germanic languages. Ablaut is the phenomenon wherein stem vowels change form depending on context, as in English sing, sang, sung. Relation between phonology and morphophonology Until the 1950s, many phonologists assumed that neutralizing rules generally applied before allophonic rules. Thus phonological analysis was split into two parts: a morphophonological part, where neutralizing rules were developed to derive phonemes from morphophonemes; and a purely phonological part, where phones were derived from the phonemes. Since the 1960s (in particular with the work of the generative school, such as Chomsky and Halles The Sound Pattern of English) many linguists have moved away from making such a split, instead regarding the surface phones as being derived from the underlying morphophonemes (which may be referred to using various terminology) through a single system of (morpho)phonological rules. The purpose of both phonemic and morphophonemic analysis is to produce simpler underlying descriptions for what appear on the surface to be complicated patterns. In purely phonemic analysis the data is just a set of words in a language, while for the purposes of morphophonemic analysis the words must be considered in grammatical paradigms to take account of the underlying morphemes. It is postulated that morphemes are recorded in the speakers lexicon in an invariant (morphophonemic) form, which, in a given environment, is converted by rules into a surface form. The analyst attempts  to present as completely as possible a system of underlying units (morphophonemes) and a series of rules that act on them, so as to produce surface forms consistent with the linguistic data. Isolation forms The isolation form of a morpheme is the form in which that morpheme appears in isolation (when not subject to the effects of any other morpheme). In the case of a bound morpheme, such as the English past tense ending -ed, it will generally not be possible to identify an isolation form, since such a morpheme does not occur in isolation. It is often reasonable to assume that the isolation form of a morpheme provides its underlying representation. For example, in some American English, plant is pronounced [plà ¦nt], while planting is [ˈplà ¦nÉ ªÃ…‹], where the morpheme plant- appears in the form [plà ¦n]. Here the underlying form can be assumed to be //plà ¦nt//, corresponding to the isolation form, since rules can be set up to derive the reduced form [plà ¦n] from this (while it would be difficult or impossible to set up rules that would derive the isolation form [plà ¦nt] from an underlying //plà ¦n//). This is not always the case, however; sometimes the isolation form itself is subject to neutralization that does not apply to some other instances of the morpheme. For example, the French word petit (small) is pronounced in isolation without the final [t] sound, although in certain derived forms (such as the feminine petite) the [t] is heard. If the isolation form were adopted as the underlying form, the information that there is a final t would be lost, and it would be hard to explain the appearance of the t in the inflected forms. Rule ordering Morphophonological rules are generally considered to apply in a set order. This means that the application of one rule may sometimes either prevent or enable the application of another rule provided the rules are appropriately ordered. If the ordering of two rules is such that the application of the first rule can have the effect of making it possible to apply the second, then the rules are said to be in feeding order. For example, if a language has an apocope rule (A) which deletes a final vowel, and a cluster reduction rule (CR) that reduces a final consonant cluster, then the rules are in feeding order if A precedes CR, since the application of A can enable application of CR (for example, a word ending /-rpa/ is not itself subject  to CR, since the consonant cluster is not final, but if A is applied to it first, leaving /-rp/, then CR can apply). Here rule A is said to feed rule CR. If the rules are ordered such as to avoid possible feeding (in this case, if CR applies before A) then they are said to be in counter-feeding order. On the other hand, if rules are ordered such that the application of the first rule can have the effect of preventing application of the second, then the rules are said to be in bleeding order. For example, if a language has an epenthesis rule (E) that inserts a /w/ before certain vowels, and a vowel deletion rule (D) that deletes one of two consecutive vowels, then the rules are in bleeding order if E precedes D, since the application of E can prevent application of D (for example, a word containing /-iu-/ would be subject to D, but if E is applied to it first, leaving /-iwu-/, then D can no longer apply). Here rule E is said to bleed rule D. If the rules are ordered such as to avoid possible bleeding (in this case, if D applies before E) then they are said to be in counter-bleeding order. The terminology of feeding and bleeding is also applied to other linguistic rules, such as those of historical sound changes. Morphophonology and orthography The principle behind alphabetic writing systems is that the letters (graphemes) represent phonemes. However in many orthographies based on such systems the correspondences between graphemes and phonemes are not exact, and it is sometimes the case that certain spellings better represent a words morphophonological structure rather than the purely phonological. An example of this is that the English plural morpheme is written -s regardless of whether it is pronounced as /s/ or /z/; we write cats and dogs, not dogz. The above example involves active morphology (inflection), and morphophonemic spellings are common in this context in many languages. Another type of spelling that can be described as morphophonemic is the kind that reflects the etymology of words. Such spellings are particularly common in English; examples include science /saÉ ª/ vs. unconscious /ÊÆ'/, prejudice /prÉ›/ vs. prequel /priË /, sign /saÉ ªn/ signature /sÉ ªÃ‰ ¡n/, nation /neÉ ª/ vs. nationalism /nà ¦/, and special /spÉ›/ vs. species /spiË /. Conclusions according to this chapter Morphophonology (also morphophonemics, morphonology) is a branch of linguistics which studies: 1. The phonological structure of morphemes. 2. The combinatory phonic modifications of morphemes which happen when they are combined. 3. The alternative series which serve a morphological function. Examples of a morphophonological alternatives in English include these distinctions: Plurals -es and -s, as in bus, buses, vs. bun, buns. Plural of -f is -ves, as in leaf, leaves. Different pronunciations for the past tense marker -ed. English, having lost its inflection, does not have much morphophonology. Inflected and agglutinating languages may have extremely complicated systems, e.g., consonant gradation. A morphophonemic rule has the form of a phonological rule, but is restricted to a particular morphological environment. Morphophonemic rules are sensitive to their environment, unlike phonological rules. Whenever morphological information is required to specify the environment for an allophonic rule, the rule is morphophonemic. The prefix /in-/ has the allomorphs [il] and [ir]: /in-/ + responsible irresponsible /in-/ + logical illogical Therefore, there must be a morphophonemic rule which determines the allomorphs [il] and [ir] of the prefix /in-/. The purpose of both phonemic and morphophonemic analysis is to produce simpler underlying descriptions for what appear on the surface to be complicated patterns. When morphemes are clustered or grouped in words than changes in the phonological structures of these words occur. Such changes are called morphophonemic changes. Assuming that we allow phonological rules to apply in sequence, we can cycle through them using the output of the first rule as the input to the second. For many cases in the data set, at most one phonological rule introduces a structural change. But in cog, tail, or comb we see a single derivation that involves both rules. Furthermore, such cases are not rare in English. Any word that begins with a voiceless stop and contains a vowel that precedes a voiced consonant will require the application of both rules. We use cog as an illustrative example: Allophone Central to the concept of the phoneme is the idea that it may be pronounced in many different ways. In English (BBC pronunciation) we take it for granted that the r sounds in ‘ray’ and ‘tray’ are â€Å"the same sound† (i.e. the same phoneme), but in reality the two sounds are very different – the r in ‘ray’ is voiced and non-fricative, while the r sound in ‘tray’ is voiceless and fricative. In phonemic transcription we use the same symbol r for both, but we know that the allophones of r include the voiced nonfricative sound É ¹ and the voiceless fricative one . In theory a phoneme can have an infinite number of allophones, but in practice for descriptive purposes we tend to concentrate on a small number that occur most regularly. Phoneme This is the fundamental unit of phonology, which has been defined and used in many different ways. Virtually all theories of phonology hold that spoken language can be broken down into a string of sound units (phonemes), and that each language has a small, relatively fixed set of these phonemes. Most phonemes can be put into groups; for example, in English we can identify a group of plosive phonemes p, t, k, b, d a group of voiceless fricatives f, ÃŽ ¸, s, ÊÆ', h, and so on. An important question in phoneme theory is how the analyst can establish what the phonemes of a language are. The most widely accepted view is that phonemes are contrastive and one must find cases where the difference between two words is dependent on the difference between two phonemes: for example, we can prove that the difference between ‘pin’ and ‘pan’ depends on the vowel and that i and are different phonemes. Pairs of words that differ in just one phoneme are known as minimal pairs. We can establish the same fact about p and b by citing ‘pin’ and ‘bin’. Of course, you can only start doing commutation tests like this when you have a provisional list of possible phonemes to test, so some basic phonetic analysis must precede this stage. Other fundamental concepts used in phonemic analysis of this sort are complementary distribution, free variation, distinctive feature and allophone. Different analyses of a language are possible: in the case of English some phonologists claim that there are only six vowel phonemes, others that there are twenty or more (it depends on whether you count diphthongs and long vowels as single phonemes or as combinations of two phonemes). It used to be said that learning the  pronunciation of a language depended on learning the individual phonemes of the language, but this â€Å"building-block† view of pronunciation is looked on no wadays as an unhelpful oversimplification. Phonemics When the importance of the phoneme became widely accepted, in the 1930s and 40s, many attempts were made to develop scientific ways of establishing the phonemes of a language and listing each phoneme’s allophones; this was known as phonemics. Nowadays little importance is given to this type of analysis, and it is considered a minor branch of phonology, except for the practical purpose of devising writing systems for previously unwritten languages. Conclusion: An allophone is a phonetic variant of a phoneme in a particular language. A phoneme is the smallest contrastive unit in the sound system of a language. A phone is one of many possible sounds in the languages of the world. Phonemics a branch of linguistic analysis involving the study of phonemes, the structure of a language in terms of phonemes. General conclusion Morphophonemics, in linguistics, study of the relationship between morphology and phonology. Morphophonemics involves an investigation of the phonological variations within morphemes, usually marking different grammatical functions; e.g., the vowel changes in â€Å"sleep† and â€Å"slept,† â€Å"bind† and â€Å"bound,† â€Å"vain† and â€Å"vanity,† and the consonant alternations in â€Å"knife† and â€Å"knives,† â€Å"loaf† and â€Å"loaves.† The ways in which the morphemes of a language are variously represented by phonemic shapes can be regarded as a kind of code. This code is the morphophonemic system of the language. The morphophonemics of English is never so simple. There are always many instances of two or more morphemes represented by the same phonemic shape, and there are always cases in which a single morpheme is represented now by one phonemic shape, now by another. Therefore the morphophonemics of English is never trivial. Literature: 1. Hayes, Bruce (2009). Morphophonemic Analysis Introductory Phonology, pp. 161–185. Blackwell. 2. R. Jakobson, C. G. Fant, and M. Halle, Preliminaries to Speech Analysis, Fundamentals of Language (Mouton and Company, The Hague, 1956). 3. P. Roach (2004). â€Å"English Phonetics and Phonology†, Cambridge. 4. www.wikipedia.ru 5. www.sil.org 6. www.msu.edu